2nd Annual Congress on
Genetic Engineering and Human Genetic Disorder

Human genetics is concerned with the study of human genetic heredity. Recent human genetics research is attempting to unravel the causes of lung cancer. The genetic and host variables that cause the progression of non-small cell lung cancer pre-invasive lesions. The mutation burden rises when lesions in the airway develop from AAH to invasive illness as a consequence of whole-exome sequencing of pre-invasive lesions and LUADs.

·         Molecular biology

·         Stem cells

·         Genome

·         Karyotypes

Molecular Genetics examines the structure and function of genes at the molecular level. It works with both molecular biology and genetic systems. The most recent advancement is based on the use of DNA as a biological lens. It's a new cell study that discusses DNA microscopy, a technology that employs DNA sequencing to produce pictures of the spatial distribution of cell biomolecules without direct viewing.

·         Developmental biology

·         Gene expression

·         Chromosomal studies

·         Basic metabolic studies

·         Bioscience

Medical genetics research is based on the evolution that resulted in humans being 'fat.' In this study, human fat is collected, compared to other primitives, and analysed to determine if it is good or harmful fat. As medical genetics focuses on the detection and treatment of inherited illnesses, genetic medicine is gaining traction in areas such as gene therapy, personalised medicine, and predictive medicine.

·         Immunogenetics

·         Pharmacogenetics

·         Biochemistry

·         Percision Medicine

·         Biostatistics

The current study is discovering the genetic links between European, Mediterranean, and South-West Asian populations, which is a branch of evolutionary biology and a subdivision of genetics dealing with genetic differences among populations. A significant number of populations have been examined in population genetics and are being applied to fresh population samples. The current reference library of population samples enables global inference of new sample relationships.

·         Describing the pitch of genetic variation

·         Perceiving selection

·         Demographic interference

·         Evolution of genetic systems

Pediatric geneticists are often educated to detect the aetiology of these illnesses as well as their natural history. They may also recommend testing and therapies to help you understand and care for your child's condition. Similarly, the majority of infants are born healthy, with no medical issues or birth deformities. Some children, however, are born with variations in body shape, brain development, or body chemistry, which can lead to issues with health, development, school performance, and/or social interaction.

·         Birth defects

·         Brain development

·         Body chemistry

Statistical genetics is an emerging discipline that is often utilised in the context of human genetics. It is concerned with the statistical approach for deriving inferences from genetic data. The investigation of gene modules in single cell RNA-seq data using the tool MTGO-SC, which is the crucial step in the discovery of functional modules in gene interaction networks for understanding biological processes, is a new advance in statistical genetics.

·         Population Genetics

·         Genetic Epidemiology

·         Quantitative Genetics

·         Bioinformatics

Genes are the foundation of inheritance. They are handed down from generation to generation. They contain DNA, which contains the instructions for producing proteins. Proteins do most of the tasks in cells. They transport molecules, build structures, destroy toxins, and perform a variety of other maintenance tasks. Single-gene diseases are one of three categories of genetic ailments in which a mutation affects just one gene. One example is sickle cell anaemia. When chromosomes (or portions of chromosomes) are absent or altered, chromosomal disorders arise.

Our genes are housed in structures called chromosomes. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. Mutations in two or more genes create complex disorders. Your lifestyle and circumstances may also have a role. One example is colon cancer.

•         Asthma and Allergy

•         Heart disease

•         Hypertension

•         Infertility

•         Diabetes

•         Obesity

•         Cancer

Genomics is the study of the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and modification of genomes. Genomic has developed with new discoveries such as nanopore technology for sequencing human genomes. Nanopore technology has been widely utilised to sequence the genomes of bacteria and viruses. Nano pore human genome sequencing identifies structural differences in patient samples with great precision.

·         Proteomics

·         Bioinformatics

·         Pharmacogenomics

·         Metagenomics

·         Computational biology

Clinical genetics is concerned with the correct treatment of uncommon diseases. Clinical genetics necessitates the use of a standard formula. They include clinical history taking, physical examination, genetic testing, genetic counselling, skin biopsies, clinical snapshots, and the use of computerised databases. The identification and validation of methylated-differentially expressed genes in Helicobacter pylori that are activated by gastric cancer, as well as a novel genetic cause of male infertility, are making headlines. Several diagnostic procedures were done on a few guys and their parents in order to discover the Novo mutation by comparing parental DNA with that of the kids.

•         Diagnostic testing

•         Presymptomatic and predictive testing

•         Carrier testing

•         Pharmacogenetics.

•         Prenatal testing

Mutation is the modification of the nucleotide sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA's genome. The trending immunodeficiency disorders caused by genetic mutation have been recognised by the experts. The researchers discovered that the babies had inflammatory bowel illness. The mutation in this condition meant that natural killer cells were unable to mature correctly, resulting in a decline in immune cells.

•         Harmful mutation.

•         Beneficial mutation.

•         Prion mutation

•         Somatic mutation

•         Amorphic mutation

Gene mapping determines the location of the gene as well as the distance between genes. The creation of genetic markers and a mapping population can be used to create a genetic map. The most recent study focuses on recreating recent population history while mapping uncommon mutations using haplotypes. The haplotype-based technique is used to characterize uncommon variations and map illness associated with alleles. Recently, two unusual IBD haplotypes associated with asthma patients were discovered utilizing inflammatory bowel disease mapping.

•         Molecular marker

•         Genome sequencing

•         Electrophoresis

•         Restriction enzymes

DNA is a double helix structure made of two chains of molecules that are wrapped around each other to convey genetic instructions for the creation and growth of organisms. Scientists have just discovered a novel DNA structure inside the human cell called as "i-motif." It resembles a DNA tangle. The researchers are now working to determine the function of the novel DNA. They believe it will be utilised to read DNA sequences.

•         Genetic engineering

•         DNA profiling

•         DNA enzymes

•         DNA nanotechnology

Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells to address diseases. To introduce foreign DNA into patients, bone marrow transplantation and organ transplantation in general have been initiated. The success of gene therapy was achieved through limited clinical studies, which shown that it may safely treat the immune systems of newborns with uncommon life-threatening illnesses. Children with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency were given experimental gene therapy, which showed that their immune systems improved and they grew normally up to the age of two.

•         Somatic cell type

•         Germ line cell type

•         Gene expression

Helping couples, families, and individuals understand their inherited genetic condition to make health decisions is proposed by a genetic counsellor. A novel genetic abnormality causing intellectual impairment has been identified. The genetic mutation that causes X-linked syndrome intellectual disability is carried and passed on to offspring by unaffected females, but an interesting note is that the symptoms are observed in males such as behavioural issues, small average brains, and testes.

•         Cardiovascular genetics

•         Hereditary cancer genetics

•         Neuro genetics

•         Paediatric genetics

The area of genetic epidemiology is distinguished by a confluence of methodologies derived from traditional studies of disease transmission, population and family-based studies of disease transmission, measurements, and, crucially, bioinformatics. Explicit elements of these controls are applied to the investigation of quality and condition, as well as the examination of quality and condition collaboration. Both quantitative and subjective characteristics may be intriguing. The research of disease transmission employs unique case-control, family, and population-based approaches, as well as genotyping from various sources.

•         Molecular Epidemiology

•         Statistical Genetics

•         Behaviour genetics

•         Bioinformatics

Recent reviews have solely focused on cancer in the sense that renal carcinoma arises due to chromosomal abnormality, in which chromosome translocation happens often, where a portion of one chromosome can be discovered connected to another. Chromosome abnormalities are classified into two types: numerical abnormalities and structural abnormalities. The numerical abnormality is caused by a chromosome or chromosomes that have been altered. The structural abnormality is a change in the chromosomal structure.

•         Numerical disorders

•         Structural disorders

•         Replication of DNA

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomal structure, gene placement on chromosomes, and chromosomal behavior during cell division. Ongoing chromosomal instability and karyotype evolution in human colorectal cancer organoids, as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluation of DNA interaction, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress induced by iron oxide nanoparticles, because iron particles are known to induce cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines via reactive oxygen species generation.

•         Mitosis

•         Meiosis

•         Fluorescent in situ hybridization

•         Comparative genomic hybridization

Genetics and nervous system research are combined in a branch of science known as neurogenetics, which is concerned with the turn of events and capability of the sensory system, as well as the claimed features in its turn of events. In hereditary qualities, the term "aggregate" refers to a living being's real features or attributes, whereas "genotype" refers to a creature's genetic cosmetics. In terms of the sensory system, "aggregate" may refer to differences in brain properties amongst persons of comparable species, whereas "genotype" refers to the hereditary make-up that determines the numerous characteristics transmitted by particular biological entities.

For example, many of the conditions that belong under the banner of neurogenetics, for example, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and epilepsy, are still significant objects of investigation today, and much is now known about the hereditary basis of these and countless other conditions.

Because of the gene's poor understanding, genetic diagnosis remains out of reach for many people suffering from uncommon disorders. Gene testing is a method of diagnosing heritable features that involve the identification of alleles, mutations, genotypes, and karyotypes. The most recent advancement in gene testing is the characterization of Craniofrontonasal syndrome, an X-linked developmental condition caused by EFNB1 mutations, and it demonstrates the lack of association between the mutation type, severity, and manifestation of symptoms.

•         Down syndrome

•         Muscular dystrophy

•         Huntington’s disease

Recently, research has begun to develop a cure for hereditary illnesses. As a result, new research comprising integrated genomic and transcriptome analysis of dual hepatocellular-intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumors with diverse clinical and molecular characteristics that might be utilized to guide therapy options has been found. The search for a treatment for genetic illnesses is an ongoing one, with a great number of clinical trials conducted. Despite this, some therapy strategies focus on managing the symptoms of the diseases in order to improve the quality of life.

•         Bone marrow transplantation

•         Palliative care

•         Stem cell treatment

•         Drug intervention

In the recent decade, several ethical, legal, and social concerns (ELSI) about genetic testing and research have been raised. These issues should be discussed with patients so that they are informed of the risks and benefits of genetic testing and can utilise it safely and correctly. This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the most urgent ELSI concerns about genetic testing. Concerns have been expressed regarding the usage and potential exploitation of genetic data. Concerns range from the analytical and clinical validity of a genetic test to the perceived stigma of having a genetic difference to the duty of disclosing genetic information to potentially impacted persons.

•         Communicating test results

•         Direct-to-consumer tests

•         Duty to disclose

•         Genetic discrimination

•         Psychosocial impact

•         Reproductive issues

Cancer is triggered by alterations in genes that determine how our cells work, according to genetics. Some gene alterations can cause cells to develop abnormally and become cancerous.

•         Clinical Oncology

•         Oncogenes

•         Genetic Testing

•         Hereditary Cancer

•         Genetic Changes

In health care, reproductive genetics focuses on genetic risks or disorders that can be handed down from parent to kid via their genes during pregnancy. Genes code for our characteristics, including elements of our health. Everyone has a few genes that do not function properly because of little alterations (mutations) inside them. Most of the time, these mutations have no effect on our health, and we are unaware that we have them. Our child may or may not inherit these mutations from us in the genes we pass down, which may or may not create health problems in our child.

•         Non-invasive prenatal testing

•         Invasive diagnostic testing

•         Pre-implantation genomic diagnosis

Plant genetics is the study of heredity in plants, especially hereditary transmission processes and the diversity of inherited features. Plant genetics differs from animal genetics in three ways: somatic mutations contribute more easily to the germ line because flowers arise at the end of somatic cell-based branches; polyploidy is more prevalent; and plants have chloroplast DNA.

Plant genomes are best defined by genome size, gene content, the presence of repetitive sequences, and polyploidy/duplication events. It aims to sequence, characterise, and analyse the genetic compositions, structures, organisations, functions, and interactions/networks of a whole plant genome. Plants also contain mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes, but the nuclear genome is the biggest and most complex. Plant Genomics is Important for Food Security, Human Health, and Environmental Sustainability.

• Epigenetics
• Gene Regulation and Transcriptional Networks
• Genome Editing
• Comparative Genomics