Annual Congress on
Genetic Engineering and Human Disorder

Gene therapy is a preliminary technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Similarly, these techniques may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery. Where, somatic gene editing, changes the DNA in cells of an adult or child to treat disease, or even to try to enhance that person in some way. The changes made in these somatic cells would be permanent but would only affect the person treated.

Genomics is also known as a field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. Generally, the genome is an organism's complete set of DNAs including all its genes. Genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all an organism's genes. They may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. Successively, proteins makeup body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. Generally, Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes with high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.

Research that is carried under medical genetics is based on the evolution that made humans ‘fat’. In this research human fat is collected and compared with other primitives and analyzed for good or bad fat. As Medical genetics implies on the conclusion and the administration of hereditary disorders. Genetic medicine consolidates in the sphere such as gene therapy, personalized medicine, and predictive medicine.

Evolutionary genetics is the recent study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary change, which also includes topics such as the evolution of genome structure, the genetic basis of speciation and adaptation, and genetic change in response to selection within populations. Whereas population genetics is the study of the genetic composition of populations, including distributions and changes in genotype and phenotype frequency in response to the processes of natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.

Heredity is built on the foundation of genes. They are passed on from one generation to the next. They contain DNA, which contains the instructions for producing proteins. In cells, proteins do most of the job. They transport molecules from one location to another, build structures, break down toxins, and perform a variety of other maintenance tasks. Single-gene disorders, in which a mutation affects only one gene, are one of three forms of genetic disorders. One example is sickle cell anemia. Chromosomal disorders are conditions in which chromosomes (or portions of chromosomes) are absent or altered. The structures that house our genes are known as chromosomes. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. Complex disorders, where there are mutations in two or more genes.

Pediatric geneticists are generally trained to identify the causes and natural history of these disorders. They may also suggest tests and treatments that can help in understanding and caring for your child’s condition. Similarly, most children are born healthy with no medical problems or birth defects. However, some children are born with differences in body structure, brain development, or body chemistry that can lead to problems with health, development, school performance, and/or social interaction

Cytogenetic is known as the branch of genetics that studies the structure of DNA within the cell nucleus. This DNA is condensed during cell division and forms chromosomes. This cytogenetic study the number and morphology of chromosomes by using chromosome banding techniques (classical cytogenetic) or hybridization fluorescently labeled probes (molecular cytogenetic). Therefore, the number and morphology of chromosomes in a cell of a particular species are always constant, in most cells of the body (except for reproductive cells and others such as the liver). This is a characteristic of each species; in humans such as the number of chromosomes is 46.

Generally, multiple DNA repair pathways maintain genome stability and ensure that DNA remains essentially unchanged over the life of a cell. Various human diseases occur if DNA repair is compromised, and most of this impacts the nervous system, in some cases exclusively. However, it is often unclear what specific endogenous damage underpins disease pathology. Accordingly, the types of causative DNA damages are associated with replication, transcription, or oxidative metabolism; other direct sources of endogenous lesions may arise from aberrant topoisomerase activity of ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA.

Cancer Genetics is the study of cancer caused by certain changes to genes that control the way our cell’s function. Some gene changes can cause cells to evade normal growth controls and become cancer

The study of genes influences the development and function of the Nervous system. The changes in genes and chromosomes can affect the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles causing Neurogenetic disorders

Reproductive genetics in health care focuses on genetic risks or conditions that can be passed from parent to child through their genes during pregnancy. Genes contain instructions for our traits, including aspects of our health. Everyone has a few genes that don’t work correctly due to small changes (mutations) within them. Most times, these mutations do not affect our health, and we don’t even know we have them. Our child can randomly inherit these mutations from us in the genes we pass down, which may or may not cause our child to have health problems.

Pharmacogenomics relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person's genetic makeup.

 It is the study of the genetic basis of the immune response. It includes the study of normal immunological pathways and the identification of genetic variations that result in immune defects, which may result in the identification of new therapeutic targets for immune diseases. Genetics is the science researching the transfer of characteristics from one generation to the next. The genes of an organism (strands of DNA) and the transfer of genes from the parent to the child generation of an organism in the scope of possible variations are the basis of genetics.

• Drug Response
• Genetic Variation
• Drug Metabolism
   

Heredity is built on the foundation of genes. They are passed on from one generation to the next. They contain DNA, which contains the instructions for producing proteins. In cells, proteins do most of the job. They transport molecules from one location to another, build structures, break down toxins, and perform a variety of other maintenance tasks. Single-gene disorders, in which a mutation affects only one gene, are one of three forms of genetic disorders. One example is sickle cell anemia. Chromosomal disorders are conditions in which chromosomes (or portions of chromosomes) are absent or altered. The structures that house our genes are known as chromosomes. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. Complex disorders, where there are mutations in two or more genes. Often your lifestyle and environment also play a role. Colon cancer is an example.

Plant and animal genetics deals with heredity in plants and animals, specifically mechanisms of hereditary transmission and variation of inherited characteristics. Plant genetics differs from animal genetics in several ways: somatic mutations can contribute to the germline more easily as flowers develop at the end of branches composed of somatic cells; polyploidy is more common, and plants additionally contain chloroplast DNA.

DNA, a double helix structured that is coiled around each other which are composed of two chains of molecules to carry genetic instruction for the development and growth of organisms. But recently a new DNA structure inside the human cell known as “i-motif” has been found by the scientists, it resembles like a knot of DNA. The researchers are going on to identify the function of the new DNA, the suspect it would be used for reading DNA sequences

Genetic Epidemiology is characterized by an amalgam of strategies earned from customary the study of disease transmission, populace and family-based the study of disease transmission, from measurements, and critically, from bioinformatics. Together, explicit parts of these controls are applied to the investigation of qualities and condition, and of quality condition cooperation’s. Both quantitative and subjective qualities might be of intrigue. Hereditary the study of disease transmission utilizes novel case-control, family, and populace-based plans, and genotyping from different sources.

The recent reviews are focused only on cancer in that way renal carcinoma occurs due to chromosomal aberration, in which the translocation of chromosomes occurs frequently, where the part of one chromosome can be found joined to another. The chromosomal abnormality can be of two types which includes Numerical abnormalities and structural abnormalities. The numerical abnormality is because of the alteration in one of the chromosomes or more than one chromosome. The structural abnormality is the alteration in the structure of the chromosomes.

The genetic diagnosis remains unattainable for many individuals with rare disease because of the incomplete knowledge of the gene, the gene testing is a diagnosis method involves in detection of alleles, mutation, genotypes to karyotypes that are associated with heritable traits. The latest innovation in gene testing is about the characterization of the X-linked developmental disorder called Craniofrontonasal syndrome, occurs due to EFNB1 mutations and it illustrate the absence of correlation between the mutation type, severity, and expression of symptoms.

Recently researches are under the process to find a solution for curing genetic disorders, in that way there comes a new study involving integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of dual hepatocellular-intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumours has been identified that display different clinical and molecular features that would be used to guide therapeutic decisions. The remedy for genetic disorders is the on-going struggle with over large number of clinical trials has been completed. Despite of it some of the therapeutic options encircle in nursing the symptoms of the disorders to enhance the quality of life.